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                  <text>Kyoto University</text>
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                <text>VEGETATION CHANGES AND USE OF PALMS AS A BUILDING MATERIAL BY OVAMBO AGRO-PASTORALISTS IN NORTH-CENTRAL NAMIBIA</text>
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                <text>This paper focuses on the mutual transition between vegetation and timber use by the Ovambo people in north-central Namibia and their use of palms for timber in recent years. The vegetation around the research area was characterized as Mopane savanna, dominated by Colophospermum mopane. Historically, the Ovambo used mainly Mopane trunks for timber. However, as bush encroachment advanced in some parts of north-central Namibia, residents were forced to collect Mopane timber from the south. Since the 1970s, however, collecting Mopane has become difficult, and the inhabitants have therefore begun to use palm petioles for timber. Because the use of this resource requires many palm petioles, an environment conducive to grow many palms is required to make this option feasible. The vegetation configuration of this environment was formed mainly by three factors: (1) the unique fl ood terrain initially dispersed palm seeds over a wide area, (2) humans involuntarily dispersed seeds after eating, (3) palms were conserved by the residents. Thus, the increased use of palms emerged at a point of intersection between a change in vegetation patterns and a change in plant use by humans. The critical points of this use are its sustainability and the maintenance of traditional building complexity.</text>
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                <text>Yuichiro Fujioka</text>
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                <text>African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2005), 30: 89-105</text>
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                <text>2005</text>
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                <text>http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/68458</text>
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        <name>Mopane savanna</name>
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        <name>Namibia</name>
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        <name>Ovamboland</name>
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        <name>Palm use</name>
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        <name>Vegetation change</name>
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        <name>Yuichiro Fujioka</name>
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                  <text>Kyoto University</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Interactions between Termite Mounds, Trees, and the Zemba People in the Mopane Savanna in Northwestern Namibia</text>
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                <text>Termite mounds comprise a significant part of the landscape in northwestern Namibia. The vegetation type in this area is mopane vegetation, a vegetation type unique to southern Africa. In the area where I conducted research, almost all termite mounds coexisted with trees, of which 80% were mopane. The rate at which trees withered was higher on the termite mounds than outside them, and few saplings, seedlings, or grasses grew on the mounds, indicating that termite mounds could cause trees to wither and suppress the growth of plants. However, even though termite mounds appeared to have a negative impact on vegetation, they could actually have positive effects on the growth of mopane vegetation. Moreover, local people use the soil of termite mounds as construction material, and this utilization may have an effect on vegetation change if they are removing the mounds that are inhospitable for the growth of plants. Consequently, both termite mounds and human activities should be taken into account as factors affecting mopane vegetation.</text>
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                <text>Chisato YAMASHINA</text>
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                <text>African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2010), 40: 115-128</text>
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                <text>2010</text>
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                <text>http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/96293</text>
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        <name>Chisato YAMASHINA</name>
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        <name>Himba</name>
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        <name>Kaoko</name>
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        <name>Mopane vegetation</name>
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        <name>Termite mounds</name>
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        <name>Utilization of termite mounds</name>
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        <name>Vegetation change</name>
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