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                  <text>Kyoto University</text>
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                <text>Changes in Natural Resource Use among Owambo Agro- Pastoralists of North-Central Namibia Resulting From The Enclosure of Local Frontiers</text>
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                <text>Agro-pastoralists living in arid lands of Africa tend to have highly mobile lifestyles and to use natural resources widely and sparsely. Thus, they require frontiers with low population densities and sufficient natural resources. However, this study found that the enclosure of the local frontier has prompted social changes, such as the setting of conservation areas and the construction of new villages. The aim of this study was to clarify how Owambo agro-pastoralists living in north-central Namibia have changed their use of natural resources in response to transformations to the local frontiers they inhabit. The Owambo group consists of a number of subgroups. Some of these groups formed small kingdoms; most group members live at the kingdom's center surrounded by the frontier at the periphery. Since the 1970s, other people have migrated into these frontier areas and altered the local conditions, forcing inhabitants to change their use of natural resources. Local inhabitants have coped with this situation in three main ways: (1) wealthy people have established private cattle posts in the frontier where they graze their livestock and gather natural resources, (2) some (especially non-wealthy people) have started to use indigenous fruit trees in multiple and intensified ways, not only for their fruit but also as building materials and wood for fuel, and (3) older villagers have established social networks with newer villagers on the frontier to exchange goods that are available only from their respective areas. The progress of people who can access the natural resources in the frontier has been limited by the enclosure of the local frontier. However, local customs involving the reciprocal exchange of surplus natural resources among neighbors and neighboring areas remain and have been adapted in response to the new situation.</text>
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                <text>Yuichiro Fujioka</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2010), 40: 129-154</text>
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                <text>2010</text>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/96292</text>
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        <name>Arid land</name>
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        <name>Frontier</name>
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        <name>Intensification</name>
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        <name>Namibia.</name>
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        <name>Natural resource use</name>
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        <name>Ovambo</name>
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                  <text>Dissertations on Namibia</text>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>Edhina ekogidho - Names as links: The encounter between African and European anthroponymic systems among the Ambo people in Namibia</text>
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                <text>PhD Dissertation: This study analyses the changes in the anthroponymic system of the Ambo people, the largest ethnic group in Namibia, caused by the Christianisation and Europeanisation of the traditional Ambo culture. The central factors in this process were the work of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission (FELM) and the German and South African colonisation, beginning in 1883 when the first Ambos were baptised by the Finns and received new biblical and European names at baptism. The main sources for this study are the European missionary and colonial archives and literature dealing with the history of the Ambo area and the Ambo culture. A number of Ambos were also interviewed for this study in Namibia. The linguistic analysis of the personal names of the Ambos is based on a corpus including the baptismal names of 10,920 people from three Lutheran congregations: Elim, Okahao and Oshigambo (1913–1993). The most significant changes in the Ambo naming system are the adoption of biblical and European names, the practice of giving more than one name for a person, and the adoption of hereditary surnames. Elements of the traditional naming system have also survived in this process. Just as in the old days, Ambo children today are typically named after other people, and the role of the namesake continues to be important in the society. The old custom of giving the new-born baby an Ambo name is also preserved, as well as the practice of using Ambo nicknames (e.g. praise names). The surnames of the Ambos are also based on traditional Ambo personal names. Since the 1950s, African baptismal names have become popular, and they have often been given according to principles that are similar to those traditionally observed. Hence, the encounter of African and European naming systems led not only to the adoption of new names in the personal nomenclature of the Ambos, but also to the formation of a new “African-European” naming system that consists of both African and European elements. This revolution in the Ambo naming system was particularly rapid, as it was essentially completed within one century.</text>
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                <text>Minna Saarelma-Maunumaa</text>
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                <text>University of Helsinki, Department of Finnish, Faculty of Arts.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007</text>
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                <text>English, Finnish, Oshiwambo</text>
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                <text>http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suome/vk/saarelma-maunumaa/</text>
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        <name>Christianity</name>
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        <name>Helsinki</name>
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        <name>Linguistics</name>
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        <name>Minna Saarelma-Maunumaa</name>
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        <name>Naming</name>
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        <name>Oshindonga</name>
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        <name>Oshiwambo</name>
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        <name>Ovambo</name>
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        <name>Ovamboland</name>
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