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                  <text>Namibian Autobiographies</text>
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                  <text>This collection contains digitized versions of autobiographies (and some biographies) of Namibians and by Namibians. A slight preference is given for liberation struggle stories</text>
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                <text>"Go and Come Back Home:" A Namibian's Journey into Exile and Back</text>
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                <text>Dr. Schivute, who had been a member of SWAPO since 1960, left Namibia in 1962. He graduated in 1969 and became one of Namibia's first medical doctors to qualify under SWAPO's mass education programme. Over and above his MD, he gained further medical experiences in Poland and Finland. In Europe, he specialized in Critical Care Medicine and anesthesiology until 1978, when he joined the Liberation movement in Angola.</text>
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                <text>Marcus Schivute</text>
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                <text>Gamsberg Macmillan</text>
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                <text>© Marcus Schivute 1997</text>
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                <text>1997</text>
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        <name>Marcus Schivute</name>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>A narrative study of teachers' professional identity through the eyes of Namibian teachers</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis (Education) - "Teachers’ professional identity has been widely studied in the Western academic context during the last decades. This study is examining the stories of subject teachers’ professional identity in the context of Namibia. The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of teacher professional identity through a crosscultural perspective. The theoretical framework consists of two dimensions: teachers’ professional identity and the Namibian educational culture through a cross-cultural aspect. The first part of the theoretical framework scrutinises narrative identity and teachers’ professional development together with the main concept. The second part of the theoretical framework approaches the studied context by increasing information about it and by reflecting the significance of cross-cultural research and researcher’s position in the study. The aim of this study is to discover from which essential incidents the professional teacher identity of these Namibian subject teachers’ is constructed in the different phases of their career. Since identity is approached as a phenomenon, qualitative inquiry is applicable for researching the topic. Narrative approach is utilised in this study, since narrativity is linked to the construction of teacher identity in Sfard &amp; Prusak’s (2005), Kaasila’s (2008) and Soreide’s (2006) definitions. The data was collected by using the semi-structures interviews and includes the stories of four Namibian subject teachers of their careers. All the interviewed teachers had gained professional experience before data collection. The analysis of data was performed by utilising Polkinghorne’s (2005) method analysis of narratives. The main categories that formed the results of this study are 1) The construction of teacher identity, 2) The development of teacher identity on a personal and societal level, 3) The dimensions of teacher identity in contemporary context, and 4) The ideal teacher and teachers’ thoughts of their future. Moreover, the main categories are divided into themes, by applying Polkinghorne’s (2005) method. The themes were construed from the data based on the stories teachers told. The conclusions show that teacher professional identity is constructed through significant people, events and educational environments in teachers’ lives. Moreover, the development of identity is constructed through evaluation on a personal level and by reflecting the changes in teachers’ profession on a societal level. In the contemporary context teacher identity is constructed via experienced roles, motivation in teachers’ profession, practical experiences, educational values and professional challenges. As Flores &amp; Day (2006) point out, teacher professional identity is shaping constantly during the career. Furthermore, teachers in this study define their identity to the future by professional goals and constructing their image of an ideal teacher. In addition, this study supports Sfard &amp; Prusak’s (2005) definition of teacher professional identity as constructed though stories. The conclusions of this study indicate that teacher professional identity has global and universal elements. From the perspective of conclusions cross-cultural research of this topic enriches the understanding of Finnish teacher professional identity."</text>
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                <text>Sari Annukka Lyttinen</text>
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                <text>http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfioulu-201512082269.pdf</text>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>Children Tell about Skin Colour – Small Stories from Namibia and Finland</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis (Education) - "The aim of this research is to find out what kind of perceptions Namibian and Finnish children have on skin color. Previous research indicates that children actively use skin color –related vocabulary and are able to see differences amongst themselves. They are also aware of the power and meanings attached to different skin colors. I hope this research can offer early childhood educators and other people working with children new ideas and practical examples on how to discuss the topic with children. The research question is: what do Namibian and Finnish children tell about skin color? The foundation of the research lays on an interdisciplinary approach, which combines elements from cross-cultural and narrative research as well as childhood research. Two theoretical approaches, post-colonial theory and Critical Race Theory (CRT), form the theoretical framework for this research. The research data consists of 59 short, semistructured interviews of 5-6-year old children from Namibia and Finland. The interviews were partly based on pictures and storytelling. The data was analyzed inductively but theory-guided using modified content analysis. Part of the data was examined closer with a narrative approach to produce re-told small stories which were then examined together with the whole data by the means of dialogical re-telling. The results indicate that children talk about skin color if they are given the opportunity to do it. Finnish children in this research used more color-related vocabulary than Namibian children. Finnish children also linked together skin color, language and nationality, especially Finnishness with whiteness and nonwhiteness with foreign language. Children from both countries expressed colorblind views in their answers. They also talked about skin color -related beauty conceptions. Stories about skin color -based discrimination were told by both Namibians and Finns, but Namibian children were more open than the Finnish children to the possibility to be friends with a child whose skin color was different from their own. Practical conclusions of the research emphasize the educators’ ability to recognize the possible unequal stuctures and discriminating practices of the daycare environment and the courage to talk about skin color -related issues with children. Read-aloud situations, Storycrafting and picture-based conversations would be good starting points for the discussions with the children"</text>
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                <text>Laura Ketonen</text>
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                <text>http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfioulu-201512082276.pdf</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis (Education) - "Social media are technologies that have been widely appropriated in students’ daily lives. This has resulted in increasing research interest in the potential supportive role that social media can offer in learning contexts. To date a lot of research in the area of technology in education in general and social media in particular, has concentrated in the global north. This thesis contributes to the discussion offering a global south perspective from a small-scale study, but still of insightful significance. The aim of the research was to investigate student teachers’ relationships with social media with the focus on their conceptions and uses of social media in their daily lives and how they perceive the potential of adopting social media to support their learning. This is a qualitative study using Phenomenography as a research approach. Data was collected through focus group interviews using open-ended questions. The theoretical framework employed in the study combined technology appropriation theory and learning theory from Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective as well as the concept of networked learning. Technology appropriation was used to conceptualise how social media was appropriated by students in their daily lives, while the sociocultural and networked learning theories provided the theoretical lenses for interrogating the adoption of social media in learning. The participants in this study were student teachers at a university in Namibia. They were identified using the purposive sampling method, and they represented two different teaching programmes and three different year groups. In total, 19 students participated through 3 focus group interviews. The research findings show that research participants conceptualise social media as mainly social platforms for communication, bridging social relationships and for expanding social networks. Their use of social media reflects their conceptions, while also showing tensions regarding online and real-life identities. There were variations in perceptions of online identities, with some participants viewing them as separate from real-life identities, and others considering social media identities to be direct representations of real-life behaviour. The findings also show that social networking sites like Facebook were the dominantly used types of social media, and mainly accessed through mobile phones. Students’ perceptions of social media as supportive learning tools show recognition of the learning affordances that the technologies offer, with evidence that students were already informally using social media to support their own and their peers’ learning. Futhermore, findings show how students recognise the supportive role of social media in lifelong learning and their professional development as teachers. They indicated how social media can be used to create learning communities and supportive professional networks to foster collaboration amongst themselves as teachers. Issues of appropriate usage of social media on the basis of exposure to and sharing of content were identified. Concerns about lack of control over content shared and about privacy were additional findings. The limitations of this research lie in the fact that it was limited to a small group of participants. The purposive sampling method used to identify research participants may also have led to bais in favour of only students who used social media and were interested in talking about it. However, this was necessary for methodological reasons since only participants with actual experience in using social media were in a position to share such experiences. Conclusions highlight how the research findings corroborate previous research, that students predominantly use social media for social purposes, and the popularity of the social networking site Facebook. Conclusions further suggest that decisions on the use of social media in formal learning should be guided by pedagogical goals and learning needs that the technologies can meet. Pedagogical interventions to articulate the learning affordances of social media are suggested and cautions about the conceptual tensions between the nature of social media and the practices of formal education are highlighted. Critical media literacy is recommended to equip students with competencies to critically deal with content consumption and sharing on social media. Future research is recommended to focus on pedagogical and learning appropriation of social media."</text>
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                <text>Erkkie Haipinge</text>
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                <text>University of Oulu</text>
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                <text>http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfioulu-201306051490.pdf</text>
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                  <text>Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa (NAI)</text>
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                  <text>&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2003 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a project to identify archives in the Nordic countries, that cover documentation on anti-apartheid resistance and the liberation struggle in Southern Africa, mainly South Africa and Namibia, during 1960-1990. (Other countries are covered, see the information box in the right hand column.) Around this time, a large number of organisations in the Nordic countries e.g. government bodies, youth and church organisations, political parties and solidarity groups participated in the struggle. As a result, vast bilateral cooperation emerged and many well documented conferences and meetings were held in the Nordic countries and in Africa. Several visits to refugee camps in Africa and encounters with different leaders were also documented on videos, tapes and in pictures. Another result was this website that works as an reference source. It was launched on 24 April 2007. (&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;More about the website.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisations in &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/denmark/"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/finland/"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/iceland/"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/norway/"&gt;Norway &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/sweden/"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt; have localized, catalogued and organized archives on the liberation struggle. The &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/"&gt;archival lists&lt;/a&gt; are available in a database, found on this website, that has been created to make the materials known and easily accessible for researchers, students and others who are interested in this part of the world history.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project was concluded in November 2009 with a &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/events/"&gt;workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, in partnership with: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Finnish Country Committee on Archives on Anti-Colonial Resistance and Liberation Struggle in Namibia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SWAPO Party Archive &amp;amp; Research Centre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NGO Solidarity with Southern Africa (Sweden)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tchiweka (Angola)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aluka (South Africa &amp;amp; USA)</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;http://www.liberationafrica.se/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Nordic Africa Institute</text>
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                  <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</text>
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                <text>Documenting Liberation Struggles in Southern Africa</text>
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                <text>This publication brings together a number of the ‘thinkpieces’ prepared for a workshop convened by the Nordic Africa Institute in Pretoria, South Africa, on 26–27 November, 2009. The workshop marked the end of the Institute’s Documentation Project on Liberation Struggles in Southern Africa. Leading scholars, researchers and others, from both the Nordic countries and southern Africa, concerned with documenting those struggles, attended the workshop. The papers included here concern both the history of those struggles and the sources for that history.</text>
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                <text>Christopher Saunders (ed.)</text>
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                <text>Nordic Africa Institute</text>
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                <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</text>
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                <text>2010</text>
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                <text>http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:344963/FULLTEXT01.pdf</text>
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        <name>Finland</name>
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        <name>Gary Baines</name>
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        <name>Gerald Chikozho Mazarire</name>
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        <name>Håkan Thörn</name>
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        <name>Harri Siiskonen</name>
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        <name>Henning Melber</name>
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      <tag tagId="1288">
        <name>Lene Bull Christiansen</name>
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        <name>Liberation War</name>
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        <name>Namibia</name>
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        <name>Nordic Africa Institute</name>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>Edhina ekogidho - Names as links: The encounter between African and European anthroponymic systems among the Ambo people in Namibia</text>
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                <text>PhD Dissertation: This study analyses the changes in the anthroponymic system of the Ambo people, the largest ethnic group in Namibia, caused by the Christianisation and Europeanisation of the traditional Ambo culture. The central factors in this process were the work of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission (FELM) and the German and South African colonisation, beginning in 1883 when the first Ambos were baptised by the Finns and received new biblical and European names at baptism. The main sources for this study are the European missionary and colonial archives and literature dealing with the history of the Ambo area and the Ambo culture. A number of Ambos were also interviewed for this study in Namibia. The linguistic analysis of the personal names of the Ambos is based on a corpus including the baptismal names of 10,920 people from three Lutheran congregations: Elim, Okahao and Oshigambo (1913–1993). The most significant changes in the Ambo naming system are the adoption of biblical and European names, the practice of giving more than one name for a person, and the adoption of hereditary surnames. Elements of the traditional naming system have also survived in this process. Just as in the old days, Ambo children today are typically named after other people, and the role of the namesake continues to be important in the society. The old custom of giving the new-born baby an Ambo name is also preserved, as well as the practice of using Ambo nicknames (e.g. praise names). The surnames of the Ambos are also based on traditional Ambo personal names. Since the 1950s, African baptismal names have become popular, and they have often been given according to principles that are similar to those traditionally observed. Hence, the encounter of African and European naming systems led not only to the adoption of new names in the personal nomenclature of the Ambos, but also to the formation of a new “African-European” naming system that consists of both African and European elements. This revolution in the Ambo naming system was particularly rapid, as it was essentially completed within one century.</text>
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                <text>Minna Saarelma-Maunumaa</text>
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                <text>University of Helsinki, Department of Finnish, Faculty of Arts.</text>
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                <text>http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suome/vk/saarelma-maunumaa/</text>
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                  <text>This collection contains full-text PDFs of various out of print books re: Namibian Studies. Most of these were published by small-name presses (such as the Finnish Anthropological Association), and for that reason they are hard to find.&#13;
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Some of the out of print books can be found in other collections in this repository (such as the Basler Afrika Bibliographien); this collection is merely for those without their own. Efforts were made to receive copyright permission before uploading. For any questions or concerns, contact the webmaster.</text>
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                <text>"The success and strength of the university libraries are due to motivated, keen and skillful people. Today collaboration and knowledge sharing play a crucial role both within and between organizations. Empowering people: Collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries is about people and collaboration in the context of human resource development at the University of Namibia Library. Empowering people provides both practice-oriented and research-based approaches to important themes in the field of university libraries. It covers the information seeking behaviour of academic staff and students, collection and research support services, information literacy education, scholarly communication and scientific publishing. Staff competence management and evidence-based librarianship are introduced as methods for coping in the changing environment. Empowering people is the outcome of collaboration between three university libraries, those of the University of Namibia, the University of Tampere and the University of Helsinki." 978-951-44-8978-5</text>
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                <text>Mirja Iivonen, Päivi Helminen, Joseph Ndinoshiho, Outi Sisättö (eds.)</text>
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                <text>http://tampub.uta.fi/handle/10024/68105</text>
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        <name>Anne Lehto</name>
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        <name>Charlotte Nakanduungile</name>
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        <name>Jane Katjavivi</name>
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        <name>Menete Shatona</name>
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        <name>Merja Hyödynmaa</name>
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        <name>Mirja Iivonen</name>
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        <name>Nampa Hamutumwa</name>
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                  <text>This collection contains full-text PDFs of various out of print books re: Namibian Studies. Most of these were published by small-name presses (such as the Finnish Anthropological Association), and for that reason they are hard to find.&#13;
&#13;
Some of the out of print books can be found in other collections in this repository (such as the Basler Afrika Bibliographien); this collection is merely for those without their own. Efforts were made to receive copyright permission before uploading. For any questions or concerns, contact the webmaster.</text>
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                <text>Fertility, Mortality, and Migration in Subsaharan Africa: The Case of Ovamboland in North Namibia, 1925-90</text>
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                <text>Scanty evidence has been the major obstacle for studying historical demography in Sub Saharan Africa. Our most certain knowledge of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century populations development is based on a retrospective view of the post Second World War censuses. In north Namibia the availability of continuous series of parish record data since the 1920s offer excellent possibilities to study population development on a regional level by primary sources. In this study fertility, mortality and internal migration in north Namibia among the Christian population since the mid 1920s to the 1990s is analyzed.</text>
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                <text>Veijo Notkola &amp; Harri Siiskonen</text>
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                <text>Palgrave Macmillan</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1078">
                <text>© Veijo Notkola and Harri Siiskonen 2000</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1080">
                <text>2000</text>
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        <name>Demographics</name>
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        <name>Fertility</name>
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        <name>Finland</name>
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        <name>Harri Siiskonen</name>
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        <name>Migration</name>
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        <name>Veijo Notkola</name>
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                  <text>Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa (NAI)</text>
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                  <text>&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2003 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a project to identify archives in the Nordic countries, that cover documentation on anti-apartheid resistance and the liberation struggle in Southern Africa, mainly South Africa and Namibia, during 1960-1990. (Other countries are covered, see the information box in the right hand column.) Around this time, a large number of organisations in the Nordic countries e.g. government bodies, youth and church organisations, political parties and solidarity groups participated in the struggle. As a result, vast bilateral cooperation emerged and many well documented conferences and meetings were held in the Nordic countries and in Africa. Several visits to refugee camps in Africa and encounters with different leaders were also documented on videos, tapes and in pictures. Another result was this website that works as an reference source. It was launched on 24 April 2007. (&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;More about the website.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisations in &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/denmark/"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/finland/"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/iceland/"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/norway/"&gt;Norway &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/sweden/"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt; have localized, catalogued and organized archives on the liberation struggle. The &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/"&gt;archival lists&lt;/a&gt; are available in a database, found on this website, that has been created to make the materials known and easily accessible for researchers, students and others who are interested in this part of the world history.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project was concluded in November 2009 with a &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/events/"&gt;workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, in partnership with: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Finnish Country Committee on Archives on Anti-Colonial Resistance and Liberation Struggle in Namibia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SWAPO Party Archive &amp;amp; Research Centre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NGO Solidarity with Southern Africa (Sweden)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tchiweka (Angola)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aluka (South Africa &amp;amp; USA)</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;http://www.liberationafrica.se/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Nordic Africa Institute</text>
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              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</text>
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                <text>Finland and national liberation in Southern Africa</text>
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                <text>Finland's special characteristics as a Nordic, non-aligned welfare state gave it the resources and motivation to support liberation movements - in spite of restrictions arising from trade interests and a reluctance to jeopardise the country's neutral image. The study shows that, although it is not an easy task, in a democracy ordinary, dedicated people can, over time, influence political decision making at its most closed and guarded area, foreign politics.</text>
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                <text>Iina Soiri &amp; Pekka Peltola</text>
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                <text>Nordic Africa Institute</text>
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                <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</text>
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                <text>1999</text>
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                <text>http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:272620/FULLTEXT01.pdf</text>
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        <name>Finland</name>
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        <name>Iina Soiri</name>
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        <name>Nordic Africa Institute</name>
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        <name>Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa</name>
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                  <text>This collection contains full-text PDFs of various out of print books re: Namibian Studies. Most of these were published by small-name presses (such as the Finnish Anthropological Association), and for that reason they are hard to find.&#13;
&#13;
Some of the out of print books can be found in other collections in this repository (such as the Basler Afrika Bibliographien); this collection is merely for those without their own. Efforts were made to receive copyright permission before uploading. For any questions or concerns, contact the webmaster.</text>
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                <text>History plays an increasingly important role in anthropological discussions. Historical sources for the cultures and societies traditionally studies by anthropologists are, however, scant. This not only affects anthropological research but it greatly affects identity building processes int eh independent nations of the Third World. Most of the early descriptions of the different cultures have been produced by travellers, traders and missionaries. The value of these sources has been recognized for a long time among the experts, but most of the collections have been buried in the archives of the former colonial powers, Finnish missionaries have worked in Namibia for more than a hundred years. From the very beginning they accumulated information about the local cultures. Maija Hiltunen has made a great contribution in this volume to the study of the area by publishing her account of magical practices. She thus continues the work begun earlier with Witchcraft and Sorcery in Ovambo, 1986. Both works make vast amounts of information collected by Finnish missionaries accessible not only to researchers able to read Finnish but also to a wider audience.</text>
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                <text>© Maija Hiltunen</text>
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                <text>How Kings are Made, How Kingship Changes: A Study of Ritual and Ritual Change in Pre-Colonial Owamboland, Namibia</text>
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                <text>Published PhD Dissertation - This study discusses the legitimacy basis of political power and its changes in historical African societies. It starts from Luc de Heusch's tenet that political power required a legitimacy basis of a spiritual kind, often formulated as sacred kingship. In ancient and pre-literate societies such kings were held to be responsible for the fertility of man, land and cattle. The king was a paradoxical figure, symbolising society, but standing above it, while simultaneously being its victim by being ritually killed at old age. This was also how Owambo sacred kings were conceived. De Heusch suggested that African kings derived their power over fertility from having been made 'sacred monsters' in the rituals of installation. With the example of Owambo kingship, this study argues that the transgressive and monstrous aspect is only one of several dimension of a king's sacredness and brings out the nurturing and symbolically female aspect, identified but not analysed further by de Heusch. In the Owambo kingly installation a king-elect was made sacred, and part of it was that a link was ritually created to the early owners of the land. Their consent made it possible for the king to promote fertility and to appropriate power emblems needed for ruling. In the kingdom of Ondonga the early owners of the land were the spirits of early Bushman inhabitants and those of an early kingly clan, both neglected in public memory. The sacred dimension of kingship was further augmented when kings manipulated and appropriated rain rituals and initiation rituals, both of which were related to fertility. The study argues that even though there were aspects of the 'sacred monster' in Owambo kingship, its manifestation was, in part, a distortion of the reciprocal aspect of kingship that was expressed in the homage paid to various ancestor spirits. A change in succession practices from ritual regicide to political assassination took place concomitant with the introduction of firearms, and this broke the sacrificial aspect of sacred kingship paving the way for a more predatory form of kingship while the sacred status of the king was retained.</text>
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                <text>Märta Salokoski</text>
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                <text>University of Helsinki</text>
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                <text>http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/sosio/vk/salokoski/abstract.html</text>
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        <name>Harri Siiskonen</name>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>Implementing inclusive education in Namibian primary schools: from policies to practice</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis (Education) - "This study set out to explore the issues of inclusive education in primary education in Namibia. The specific research questions were: 1. How does Namibia address the issue of inclusive education in its educational policies and practices? 2. What are the main successes and challenges in the implementation of inclusive policies? The research is a qualitative study and the data consists of the analysis of current Namibian policy documents related to inclusive education and interviews of seven Namibian experts in the field of education. The data was analysed by applying content analysis approach. The theoretical framework consists of theories of inclusion and inclusive education as well as the concepts and aims of Education for All global approach. The findings show that Namibia has made relevant progress in universal access to education with the percentage of 99,6% in 2012. This is particularly significant taking into account the legacy of Apartheid, which ended after Namibia gained independence only twenty-five years ago. Another area of success is gender equality, which interviewees reported to have been achieved with the exception of two regions. At the moment it seems that more attention needs to be paid to boys, as girls seem to do better in school and stay in school longer than boys. Quality of education is a source of much concern in Namibia. The diversity of languages and ethnic groups as well as life circumstances makes it challenging to organize inclusive relevant education for all. The language of instruction is a debated topic and forms a different challenge in urban and rural areas. There is also a shortage of qualified teachers and relevant, culture-sensitive teaching materials in all the local languages. In principle education is free of charge but some other expenses cause difficulties for children from poor backgrounds. HIV has had dramatic effects on society increasing the number of orphans and children who are responsible for their younger siblings, which has an effect on school performance. Community involvement was emphasizes as a condition to increase inclusion. Namibian educational policies demonstrate commitment to educational development with a special concern regarding inclusive education. However, there are gaps between policy and its implementation. Interviews emphasised that efficient policy guidance and monitoring is needed to identify the bottlenecks in implementation and to plan concrete actions to develop inclusive education further."</text>
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                <text>Diego Martinez Madrid</text>
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                <text>University of Oulu</text>
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                <text>http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfioulu-201506061809.pdf</text>
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                  <text>This collection holds various published and unpublished missionary and travelers' accounts of pre-colonial, colonial, and apartheid Namibia.</text>
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                <text>Kernel [Pähkinänsydän]</text>
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                <text>"Kernel tells about the San (Bushmen) of the western Okavango region of Namibia in the late 1950s and early 1960s - a period when the education system was being extended to include these earliest indigenous inhabitants of southern Africa. As a young teacher in 1949, the author, Tuulikki Jantunen, had moved to Namibia (then known as South West Africa) from her home country, Finland, to teach in the Okavango mission fields - a stint of work which continued for over thirty years. In Kernel we are introduced to a small San community living according to its own rules of behaviour in the settlement of Mpungu in the Okavango region. These people, formerly hunter-gatherers, now face a new cultural phase. Following the example of their neighbours, they have become sedentary farmers and have sown their first seeds. However, they do not want to abandon their nomadic way of life entirely and cannot bear to remain in their fields for long. They have to get back to the forest now and then. Some also want to go to school and the mission station offers them the opportunity to do so. It is this stage in the history of the San community that the author describes. There is no other written information about the San at the applicable time and place, thus Kernel is a new and valuable source for research into the cultures of Namibia. The book is also a fine read. It provides a personal and expressive description of the life of the community and conveys a humane close-up picture of San culture. Through it also the San will lie able to obtain new knowledge about their own background and cultural heritage. The publication of the book in English by the Namibia Scientific Society is a commendable cultural deed."</text>
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                <text>Namibia Scientific Society</text>
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                <text>Lähetyslääkäri Selma Rainio länsimaisen kulttuurin ja lääketieteen edustajana Ambomaalla vuosina 1908–1938</text>
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                <text>Trans: "Missionary Doctor Selma Rainio: Representative of Western Culture and Medicine in Ovamboland, 1908-1938" - Master's Thesis: University of Eastern Finland - Lähetyslääkäri Selma Rainio länsimaisen kulttuurin ja lääketieteen edustajana Ambomaalla vuosina 1908–1938 Tiedekunta/oppiaine: yhteiskunta- ja aluetieteiden tiedekunta, yleinen historia Sivumäärä: 79 Aika ja paikka: elokuu 2008, Joensuu Pro gradu -tutkielma tarkastelee Suomen Lähetysseuran lähetyslääkäri Selma Rainiota länsimaisen kulttuurin ja lääketieteen edustajana Ambomaan lähetyskentällä vuosina 1908–1938. Tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten kulttuurien kohtaaminen näkyi Rainion työssä. Tutkielma käsittelee Rainion suhdetta paikalliseen väestöön ja kulttuuriin, uskonnon ja sairaanhoidon suhdetta lähetyslääkinnässä sekä länsimaisen ja traditionaalisen sairaanhoidon suhdetta. Lähdeaineisto kattaa sekä painamattomia että painettuja lähteitä. Selma Rainion kokoelman kirjeet tarjoavat tietoa hänen työstään ja elämästään Ambomaalla. Lähettien kokousten pöytäkirjoista käyvät ilmi ajankohtaiset ja tärkeät asiat, joista lähetit kävivät keskustelua. Vuosikertomukset puolestaan antavat tietoa Rainion tekemästä sairaanhoitotyöstä. Näiden lisäksi lähteenä käytetään Suomen Lähetysseuran julkaisemaa teosta, jonka Rainio kirjoitti kahden sairaanhoitajan kanssa. Teos käsittelee lääkärilähetystä Ambomaalla. Selma Rainio asennoitui kaksijakoisesti ambokulttuuriin. Hän näki paikallisessa kulttuurissa paljon positiivisia piirteitä ja halusi säilyttää sen, mutta piti kuitenkin ambokulttuuria alempiarvoisena kuin länsimaista kulttuuria esimerkiksi uskomalla, että kehityksen ja opetuksen avulla amboista voi tulla samanarvoisia länsimaalaisten rinnalla. Samanlainen kaksijakoisuus ilmeni myös sairaanhoidon osalta: Rainio kunnioitti ambojen perinteistä parantamistapaa ja piti sitä taitavana, mutta katsoi heidän olevan tietämättömiä ja valistuksen tarpeessa. Uskonnollisuus ilmeni selvästi Rainion työssä, sillä hän piti ensisijaisena tehtävänään potilaiden käännyttämistä. Lähetyslääkinnän ja paikallisen parantamisen välillä esiintyi kilpailua, mikä ilmeni siten, että suuri osa lähetysaseman sairaalan potilaista oli kristittyjä, vaikka enemmistö Ambomaan väestöstä oli ei-kristittyjä.</text>
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                <text>Date: 11 March 2013 Location: Helsinki Time: ~ 1 Hour Interview conducted by Bernard Moore &amp; Matthew Ecker Topics: -Finnish connections with Namibia (missionary) -Role as UN Commissioner for Namibia -Relationships with Frontline states, NonAligned -Finnish decision to support SWAPO -SWAPO as “sole” representative of Namibia -Chester Crocker and Linkage -Thoughts on Sanctions -Discussions on 435, peacekeepers, etc. -April 1st 1989 -Namibia as “test subject” for S. Africa -Lack of post-independence egalitarian policies -Not about elections, but how you use the power</text>
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                <text>Franz Steiner Verlag</text>
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                <text>© Franz Steiner Verlag 1999</text>
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                  <text>Nordic Africa Institute</text>
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                  <text>Founded in 1962, the Nordic Africa Institute (Nordiska Afrikainstitutet) is a center for research, documentation and information on modern Africa in the Nordic region. Based in Uppsala, Sweden, the Institute is dedicated to providing timely, critical and alternative research and analysis of Africa in the Nordic countries and to strengthen the co-operation between African and Nordic researchers.</text>
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                  <text>http://www.nai.uu.se/</text>
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              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, The items in this collection are taken from open access publication on the NAI website. All rights are theirs.</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Namibia and the Nordic countries</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Since the establishment in 1962 of the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, it has followed events in Southern Africa and has been active in disseminating information about the region through seminars and publications. In 1981 the situation in Namibia has been highlighted by intensification of the war as weIl as by diplomatic activities. In spite of temporary setbacks recent ly it can be anticipated that the liberation struggle in combination with diplomatic initiatives will result in an independent Namibia within this decade. In order to illuminate the role played by the Nordic countries in the liberation of Namibia the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies organized a seminar called "Namibia and the Nordic Countries" in March 1981. This booklet is a by-product of the seminar. Its aim is to outline the official positions of the Nordic governrnents (except Iceland) as regards Namibia. The emphasis is on the debate in the United Nations and on assistance towards the liberation of Namibia. Non-governmental assistance is also included as weIl as available information on trade between the Nordic countries and Namibia. Due to the special relationship between Finland and Namibia (i.e. Finnish missionary activity in Namibia since 1870) the section on Finland is more elaborate than those of the other Nordic countries. The historical background to the relations between Finland and Namibia as weIl as the various Finnish initiatives in the UN are outlined. The booklet has been written by research fellows at the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. It is hoped that it will serve as a brie f introduction to relations between the Nordic countries and Namibia. Uppsala October 1981 Michael Ståhl Director</text>
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                <text>Hans-Otto Sano (ed.)</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Nordic Africa Institute</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1981</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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                <text>English</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3276">
                <text>http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:277966/FULLTEXT01.pdf</text>
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        <name>Arne Tostensen</name>
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        <name>Denmark</name>
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        <name>Finland</name>
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        <name>Hans-Otto Sano</name>
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        <name>Juhani Koponen</name>
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        <name>Nordic Africa Institute</name>
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        <name>Roland Stanbridge</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Finding Aids</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>This Collection holds digitized finding aids from various archives around the world with holdings pertaining to Namibian studies. I am in favor of digitizing finding aids, as opposed to archival materials, because it can help the researcher decide if he/she wishes to visit the archives. Digitizing archival materials for the web is a very different story because it tends to lead to researchers avoiding archives entirely if digital sources are possible.&#13;
&#13;
Note: Finding Aids from the Basler Afrika Bibliographien are NOT in this collection, you can find them archived in the B.A.B. collection</text>
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                <text>Namibiana in Finland: Guide to the Finnish Archival Sources Concerning Namibia before 1938</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>"The project, 'Namibiana in Finland' was divided into two branches. The first of these, being the proper documentation part of the project, consists of the inventory and cataloging of the Finnish archival records and literature on Namibia. The other branch includes the transfer of the information concerning Namibia from Finland to the UNIN in Lusaka, Zambia. This is possible through microfilming the material for the Institute, fro both that part of the archival material as well as the older literature." "This guide is aimed at being a practical tool for researchers when using Finnish sources on Namibia. This favours both Finnish and foreign users since the work has been compiled bilingually, in Finnish and English."</text>
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                <text>Martti Eirola</text>
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                <text>University of Joensuu</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1985</text>
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        <name>Emil Liljeblad</name>
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        <name>Evangelical Lutheran Church</name>
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        <name>Finnish Missionary Society</name>
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        <name>Joensuu</name>
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        <name>Martti Eirola</name>
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      <tag tagId="537">
        <name>Martti Rautanen</name>
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        <name>Missionary</name>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>This Collection holds digitized finding aids from various archives around the world with holdings pertaining to Namibian studies. I am in favor of digitizing finding aids, as opposed to archival materials, because it can help the researcher decide if he/she wishes to visit the archives. Digitizing archival materials for the web is a very different story because it tends to lead to researchers avoiding archives entirely if digital sources are possible.&#13;
&#13;
Note: Finding Aids from the Basler Afrika Bibliographien are NOT in this collection, you can find them archived in the B.A.B. collection</text>
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                <text>Namibiana Resources in Finland: Two Finding Aids</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>These finding aids were given to me by Dr. Harri Siiskonen at Yliopisto Itä-Suomi, Joensuu. These document various resources on Namibian studies available throughout Finland. There are microfilms of the Emil Liljeblad collection, the German government records, the German Colonial Society, Namibian newspapers (colonial), microfiche copies of some documents from the National Archives of Namibia, the German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Wuppertal, and many printed documents and journals. Some may find this difficult to read, because it schizophrenically switches between Finnish and English, but if you take your time, you can find good files. Note that, like most Finnish Research on Namibia, these largely deal with Ovamboland and the North.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Harri Siiskonen, Kari Miettinen</text>
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                <text>Self produced by Harri Siiskonen, University of Joensuu</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Bernard C. Moore</text>
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