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                  <text>&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2003 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a project to identify archives in the Nordic countries, that cover documentation on anti-apartheid resistance and the liberation struggle in Southern Africa, mainly South Africa and Namibia, during 1960-1990. (Other countries are covered, see the information box in the right hand column.) Around this time, a large number of organisations in the Nordic countries e.g. government bodies, youth and church organisations, political parties and solidarity groups participated in the struggle. As a result, vast bilateral cooperation emerged and many well documented conferences and meetings were held in the Nordic countries and in Africa. Several visits to refugee camps in Africa and encounters with different leaders were also documented on videos, tapes and in pictures. Another result was this website that works as an reference source. It was launched on 24 April 2007. (&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;More about the website.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisations in &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/denmark/"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/finland/"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/iceland/"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/norway/"&gt;Norway &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/sweden/"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt; have localized, catalogued and organized archives on the liberation struggle. The &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/"&gt;archival lists&lt;/a&gt; are available in a database, found on this website, that has been created to make the materials known and easily accessible for researchers, students and others who are interested in this part of the world history.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project was concluded in November 2009 with a &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/events/"&gt;workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
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                  <text>Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, in partnership with: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Finnish Country Committee on Archives on Anti-Colonial Resistance and Liberation Struggle in Namibia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SWAPO Party Archive &amp;amp; Research Centre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NGO Solidarity with Southern Africa (Sweden)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tchiweka (Angola)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aluka (South Africa &amp;amp; USA)</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;http://www.liberationafrica.se/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Denmark and national liberation in Southern Africa : a flexible response</text>
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                <text>This book describes and documents the development of Danish support to national liberation in Southern Africa and the two-sided humanitarian and political character of this support. It is based on previously restricted Danish ministry records and on NGO archives and interviews.The Nordic countries were unique in the Western world in their support to individuals, organisations and refugees, struggling to end institutionalised colonialism and racism and alleviate their humanitarian consequences. Nordic support was humanitarian and civilian, and to a large extent was given to refugees and to education. Increasingly, it came to involve national liberation movements and financial support to their civilian activities, at a time when these movements were politically and militarily struggling against the regimes in their countries-including the government of Portugal, a NATO military partner of Norway and Denmark.Danish support developed differently from that of the other Nordic countries. Official support was never given directly to liberation movements. Rather, Danish NGOs were employed to advise on Danish allocations and to distribute these allocations and carry out activities, using their own capacity or through their international networks. In the field of sanctions, Denmark shifted from a policy of awaiting a UN Security Council decision to imposing unilateral trade sanctions as the first Western country to do so, and the book analyses the political developments behind this.The study seeks to determine the events, rationales, arguments and decisions that led to the various forms of Danish support. Key questions are how Danish support was established as a purely humanitarian facility that later developed into supporting also the liberation movements, and how boycott was first considered to be an issue for the individual but eventually became national, official policy. The study seeks to describe why support and sanctions developed in the way and at the pace they did. Major factors involved were Danish public awareness of developments in Southern Africa, domestic political debates and mobilisation through NGOs.This focus on processes of change has been necessary in a field of Danish foreign relations that during the course of the research was recognised as being a very wide as well as a very interesting one. As a new field of research, and with the majority of the sources never having been studied before, this study has an aim to provide a platform for other researchers, journalists and students. Hopefully it will inspire others to investigate the whole issue further-or to consider it in a different perspective.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;In 2003 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a project to identify archives in the Nordic countries, that cover documentation on anti-apartheid resistance and the liberation struggle in Southern Africa, mainly South Africa and Namibia, during 1960-1990. (Other countries are covered, see the information box in the right hand column.) Around this time, a large number of organisations in the Nordic countries e.g. government bodies, youth and church organisations, political parties and solidarity groups participated in the struggle. As a result, vast bilateral cooperation emerged and many well documented conferences and meetings were held in the Nordic countries and in Africa. Several visits to refugee camps in Africa and encounters with different leaders were also documented on videos, tapes and in pictures. Another result was this website that works as an reference source. It was launched on 24 April 2007. (&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;More about the website.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisations in &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/denmark/"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/finland/"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/iceland/"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/norway/"&gt;Norway &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/sweden/"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt; have localized, catalogued and organized archives on the liberation struggle. The &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/"&gt;archival lists&lt;/a&gt; are available in a database, found on this website, that has been created to make the materials known and easily accessible for researchers, students and others who are interested in this part of the world history.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project was concluded in November 2009 with a &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/events/"&gt;workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
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                  <text>Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, in partnership with: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Finnish Country Committee on Archives on Anti-Colonial Resistance and Liberation Struggle in Namibia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SWAPO Party Archive &amp;amp; Research Centre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NGO Solidarity with Southern Africa (Sweden)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tchiweka (Angola)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aluka (South Africa &amp;amp; USA)</text>
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                <text>This publication brings together a number of the ‘thinkpieces’ prepared for a workshop convened by the Nordic Africa Institute in Pretoria, South Africa, on 26–27 November, 2009. The workshop marked the end of the Institute’s Documentation Project on Liberation Struggles in Southern Africa. Leading scholars, researchers and others, from both the Nordic countries and southern Africa, concerned with documenting those struggles, attended the workshop. The papers included here concern both the history of those struggles and the sources for that history.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2003 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a project to identify archives in the Nordic countries, that cover documentation on anti-apartheid resistance and the liberation struggle in Southern Africa, mainly South Africa and Namibia, during 1960-1990. (Other countries are covered, see the information box in the right hand column.) Around this time, a large number of organisations in the Nordic countries e.g. government bodies, youth and church organisations, political parties and solidarity groups participated in the struggle. As a result, vast bilateral cooperation emerged and many well documented conferences and meetings were held in the Nordic countries and in Africa. Several visits to refugee camps in Africa and encounters with different leaders were also documented on videos, tapes and in pictures. Another result was this website that works as an reference source. It was launched on 24 April 2007. (&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;More about the website.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisations in &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/denmark/"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/finland/"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/iceland/"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/norway/"&gt;Norway &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/sweden/"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt; have localized, catalogued and organized archives on the liberation struggle. The &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/"&gt;archival lists&lt;/a&gt; are available in a database, found on this website, that has been created to make the materials known and easily accessible for researchers, students and others who are interested in this part of the world history.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project was concluded in November 2009 with a &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/events/"&gt;workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
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                <text>Finland's special characteristics as a Nordic, non-aligned welfare state gave it the resources and motivation to support liberation movements - in spite of restrictions arising from trade interests and a reluctance to jeopardise the country's neutral image. The study shows that, although it is not an easy task, in a democracy ordinary, dedicated people can, over time, influence political decision making at its most closed and guarded area, foreign politics.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;In 2003 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a project to identify archives in the Nordic countries, that cover documentation on anti-apartheid resistance and the liberation struggle in Southern Africa, mainly South Africa and Namibia, during 1960-1990. (Other countries are covered, see the information box in the right hand column.) Around this time, a large number of organisations in the Nordic countries e.g. government bodies, youth and church organisations, political parties and solidarity groups participated in the struggle. As a result, vast bilateral cooperation emerged and many well documented conferences and meetings were held in the Nordic countries and in Africa. Several visits to refugee camps in Africa and encounters with different leaders were also documented on videos, tapes and in pictures. Another result was this website that works as an reference source. It was launched on 24 April 2007. (&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;More about the website.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisations in &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/denmark/"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/finland/"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/iceland/"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/norway/"&gt;Norway &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/sweden/"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt; have localized, catalogued and organized archives on the liberation struggle. The &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/"&gt;archival lists&lt;/a&gt; are available in a database, found on this website, that has been created to make the materials known and easily accessible for researchers, students and others who are interested in this part of the world history.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project was concluded in November 2009 with a &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/events/"&gt;workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
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                  <text>Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, in partnership with: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Finnish Country Committee on Archives on Anti-Colonial Resistance and Liberation Struggle in Namibia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SWAPO Party Archive &amp;amp; Research Centre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NGO Solidarity with Southern Africa (Sweden)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tchiweka (Angola)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aluka (South Africa &amp;amp; USA)</text>
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                <text>The interviews in this book were conducted for the Nordic Africa Institute's research project 'National liberation in Southern Africa - The role of the Nordic countries'. Around 80 representatives of the Southern African liberation movements, as well as Swedish and other opinion makers, administrators and politicians, reflect on the Nordic support to these struggles. Prominent leaders - among them Joaquim Chissano, Kenneth Kaunda and Thabo Mbeki - give their views on a relationship that largely developed outside the public arena. The book is a reference source to a unique North-South relationship in the Cold War period.</text>
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                <text>Tor Sellström (ed.)</text>
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                <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</text>
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        <name>Andimba Toivo ya Toivo</name>
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        <name>Andreas Shipanga</name>
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        <name>Ben Amathila</name>
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        <name>Ben Ulenga</name>
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        <name>Charles Kauraisa</name>
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        <name>Dirk Mudge</name>
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        <name>Hifikepunye Pohamba</name>
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&lt;p&gt;In 2003 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a project to identify archives in the Nordic countries, that cover documentation on anti-apartheid resistance and the liberation struggle in Southern Africa, mainly South Africa and Namibia, during 1960-1990. (Other countries are covered, see the information box in the right hand column.) Around this time, a large number of organisations in the Nordic countries e.g. government bodies, youth and church organisations, political parties and solidarity groups participated in the struggle. As a result, vast bilateral cooperation emerged and many well documented conferences and meetings were held in the Nordic countries and in Africa. Several visits to refugee camps in Africa and encounters with different leaders were also documented on videos, tapes and in pictures. Another result was this website that works as an reference source. It was launched on 24 April 2007. (&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;More about the website.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisations in &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/denmark/"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/finland/"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/iceland/"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/norway/"&gt;Norway &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/sweden/"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt; have localized, catalogued and organized archives on the liberation struggle. The &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/"&gt;archival lists&lt;/a&gt; are available in a database, found on this website, that has been created to make the materials known and easily accessible for researchers, students and others who are interested in this part of the world history.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project was concluded in November 2009 with a &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/events/"&gt;workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
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                  <text>Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, in partnership with: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Finnish Country Committee on Archives on Anti-Colonial Resistance and Liberation Struggle in Namibia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SWAPO Party Archive &amp;amp; Research Centre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NGO Solidarity with Southern Africa (Sweden)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tchiweka (Angola)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aluka (South Africa &amp;amp; USA)</text>
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                <text>This book documents and analyses the involvement of Norway in the liberation struggle in Southern Africa. Apart from focussing on the formulation of official policies and the extensive cooperation with the liberation movements in the field of humanitarian assistance, mainly based on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs records, the study highlights the popular involvement and commitment to the struggle. Separate chapters are concerned with the churches, trade unions and solidarity movements, such as the Norwegian Council for Southern Africa and the Namibia Committee. The book also includes a case study on the battle for sanctions.The Study forms part of the Nordic Africa Institute's research and documentation project "National Liberation in Southern Africa: The Role of the Nordic Countries".</text>
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