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                <text>Brenda Bravenboer (with B. von Kunow)</text>
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                <text>"Precolonial Namibian history is largely unrecorded, but crucial evidence still exists in the form of archaeological remains, and it is to these neglected sources that I have turned to reconstruct the course of the last few millennia in the Central Namib Desert. The research described here covered several hundred archaeological sites, including the remains of large settlements in areas that are now completely deserted. Evidence from these sites forms the basis of this book which is my attempt to regain for the history of Namibia those lost episodes of the last two thousand years, from the first appearance of the pastoral economy, until the advent of the colonial era. Prior to this investigation the Namib archaeological sequence was poorly known, being incomplete for want of essential field evidence and, I believe, severely hampered by inappropriate premises of research. Although the research I describe in this book builds upon previous knowledge, my arguments and general approach are new to the archaeology of this region. In contrast to earlier research which tended to embrace the conventional history and project the descriptions of the nineteenth century deep into the past, I have developed a largely independent account, presenting the archaeological evidence for each step towards a history of the economy and society of the Namib pastoralists. This introductory chapter first presents the background to the research, describing the Central Namib Desert and the archaeological sequence as it is presently known."</text>
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&lt;li&gt;Psalm 121&lt;/li&gt;
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                <text>"Why did Namibian trade unions lose a large part of their newly gained popularity after independence in 1990? The first May Day celebrations barely six weeks after independence was a flop. In Namibia, the colonial period did not create a large working class living solely on wages. The civil society is still in its infancy. After independence, ethnic considerations have gained new importance, because political leaders need constituencies. This has created conflict between ethnic groups and the government, which is pursuing a nationalistic policy. Trying to understand these developments, this study discusses class, race, ethnicity, and nationalism in their Namibian and African context. Political aspects of ethnicity and a situationality of identities have shown their relevancy to the problems of this study. Based on interviews and the author's actual participation in the process, this study throws a fascinating light in the birth of a nation."</text>
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                <text>"The long over-due representation of the Nama in Namibian museums formed the primary motivation to develop this exhibition as part of a larger exhibition titled "Hunter-gatherers &amp; Nomads in Sand and Ice Deserts", which was made available on loan to the National Museum of Namibia for two years in 2005. In the past, the Nama have been sadly neglected in Namibian museum displays as very few traditional Nama objects made their way into local museums. Instead they were assembled in overseas museums during the 19th and early 20th centuries, where few Namibians are able to view them . . . "</text>
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                <text>© National Museum of Namibia</text>
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                <text>"Shortly after the ecstatic victory celebration in Windhoek came the first bad news. Hendrik Witbooi had by no means fled precipitately with his warriors, but had gathered them together, and secretly followed the withdrawing Germans. He succeeded in taking 40 horses from the Germans' baggage train. The Germans now had only 70 horses available; in a country where the horse was the fastest means of travel, this was a difficult situation. Curt von Francois therefore immediately opened negotiations with a German dealer and bought from him 120 good horses, which had however the great disadvantage that they were far away on pasture in the savannah. The very next day one of the herdsmen appeared in Windhoek and reported that the Witbooi had stolen these horses too. Thus only a few days after the attack on Hoornkrans, Hendrik Witbooi regained the initiative. He now had 300 horses compared with the 70 of the German troops. Then 200 Witbooi fighters actually appeared before the gates of Windhoek and involved the German troops in a typical engagement: they made a lightning strike from several sides, and as soon as the German troops started shooting at them they turned away waving their hats - mocking the German soldiers - and rode off. Von Francois undertook some incursions into the country, but his soldiers did not know the terrain. They did not know where the watering-places were. So they moved laboriously with their ox-wagons through the region - and they failed to discover the Witbooi, who were fast and mobile, who knew their land thoroughly, and who did not mind hunger and thirst. So von Francois sat most of the time in Windhoek and waited longingly for the cannon that he had ordered from Germany. In this way control over the country passed to Hendrik Witbooi. A German trader who wanted to drive 500 oxen to the south applied not to von Francois for protection but to Hendrik Witbooi. He said later: 'Witbooi knew very well that we were Germans, with whom he was at war, and that he could capture the oxen without firing a shot, but we also knew that Hendrik would keep his word, and we were not disappointed. In August 1893 the Witbooi made a great coup. A large transport was on its way from Walvis Bay to Windhoek, where it was awaited with longing. More than 20 teams of oxen fell into the hands of the guerrilla fighters. Windhoek ran into serious supply difficulties. The Germans seethed with powerless rage. Hendrik Witbooi's success had a mobilizing effect upon the Nama in the country. People moved from all sides to join him. When he had to leave Hoornkrans, he had some 200 men capable of carrying weapons. Six months later they had increased to 600, with 400 guns and 300 horses. Now Hendrik Witbooi was the real master in Great Namaqualand. The German farmer Hermann had to learn this too. On the instruction of the German Colonial Society for South West Africa, Hermann had built up a model farm at Kubub in the south of the country. Hendrik Witbooi sent a messenger to tell him that he did not have the Witbooi permission to farm there. Hermann considered this an insult, and turned to von François for protection. He was not in a position to protect this farm, which lay many hundreds of kilometres from Windhoek. Shortly afterwards Hendrik Witbooi attacked the farm. Breeding animals to a value of 80,000 marks - an enormous amount then - fell into his hands. He immediately bartered them with traders for guns and ammunition. [...]"</text>
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                <text>Ludwig Helbig, Werner Hillebrecht</text>
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                <text>© CASS Namibia Project &amp; Longman Namibia</text>
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        <name>liberation struggle</name>
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                  <text>This collection contains full-text PDFs of various out of print books re: Namibian Studies. Most of these were published by small-name presses (such as the Finnish Anthropological Association), and for that reason they are hard to find.&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>"Ovamboland, located in northern Namibia, was the most important battlefield in the Namibians, long struggle for independence. Althought nearly half of the country\'s population lives in Ovamboland, the history of the Ovambo communities has been a neglected area in research on Namibian history. Research has been hindered particularly by the scarcity and dispersion of source materials. By emploing the hitherto unutilized sources of the Finnish Missionary Society Archive, Harri Siiskonen's dissertation opens up an entirely new perspective on the colorful history of Ovamboland."</text>
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                <text>Suomen Historiallanen Seura</text>
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                  <text>This collection contains full-text PDFs of various out of print books re: Namibian Studies. Most of these were published by small-name presses (such as the Finnish Anthropological Association), and for that reason they are hard to find.&#13;
&#13;
Some of the out of print books can be found in other collections in this repository (such as the Basler Afrika Bibliographien); this collection is merely for those without their own. Efforts were made to receive copyright permission before uploading. For any questions or concerns, contact the webmaster.</text>
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                <text>The Cultural and Social Change in Ovamboland, 1870-1915</text>
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                <text>"The starting point of this study were the discussions among the Finnish research-workers interested in Africa. On the basis of the above description, they felt it necessary to start an interdisciplinary program into the former South West Africa. Preparations continued in March 1981, when the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies organized a Seminar in Espoo on the topic "Namibia and the Nordic Countries". The next step was taken in May 1982, when the Institute of Developing Studies and the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies arranged in Hyytiälä a meeting of Africa research in Finland."</text>
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                <text>Martti Eirola, Seppo Rytkönen, Harri Siiskonen, Seppo Sivonen</text>
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                <text>University of Joensuu</text>
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