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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC) - A CASE STUDY OF NAMIBIA’S CROSS BORDER MIGRATION ISSUES IN OSHIKANGO</text>
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                <text>PhD in Public Administration: University of Namibia - "The main objective of this dissertation was to investigate issues of cross-border migration and their effects on the project of SADC regional integration. The principal theoretical grounding comes from theories on migration, inclusive of their gender perspectives. Inclusive in this framework were perspectives of regionalism and its subsets of regionalisation, regional cooperation, regional integration and regional awareness/identity. The dissertation also examined competing theoretical approaches to regional integration, among these, federalism, functionalism, neo-functionalism and inter-governmentalism, to determine a model to achieving a political community at the end of the SADC integration process. Based on these theories the study investigated the extent to which the grassroots communities were involved in the SADC regionalisation process. Indicators, in this regard, were the SADC Protocol for the Free Movement of Persons of 1995 and its successor, the SADC Protocol for the Facilitation of Free Movement of Persons of 1997, which all failed. The dissertation traced the background of regional integration at the global, continental and regional level and compared scenarios especially on cross-border migration issues. A qualitative research design in the form of a case study of Oshikango informed the collection of the data. The data were gathered about the distribution of variables such as the grassroots community’s understanding and attitudes towards implications of cross border migration as measured against the SADC project of regional integration. Other important variables that were illuminated by the investigation techniques are gender, age and education level of respondents. Informed by this investigation and based on the Oshikango case study this dissertation has arrived at the conclusion that SADC is currently unable to achieve its goal of regulating free movement of persons in the region. The problem seems to be that since SADC is a state-based regime, member states take their refuge in the doctrine of state sovereignty, often at the expense of the common regional agenda. In other words they talk regionalism, but they act nationally. Consequently, SADC is an example of shallow integration with limited involvement of civil society and local communities. Thus, cross-border migration control in the region is an issue that will have to be resolved. Informed by these conclusions, this dissertation leads to recommendations for the acceleration of trans-frontier spatial development, such as parks and development corridors. The SADC Forum for Traditional Authorities should also be established to further deepen trans-border interaction and facilitate intra-regional migration management."</text>
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                <text>Andrew Niikondo</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1999">
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                <text>Treesleeper camp: impacts on community perception and on image creation of Bushmen: a study on community-based and cultural tourism in Tsintsabis, Namibia</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis - The study analyses (re)negotiations of power positions and (re)constructions of images in a changing local setting where local people respond to and influence the social, economic, political and cultural context. The question of dynamics of change with an emphasis on contributions of local actors is important for Hai//om (and !Kung) Bushmen who, as well as other Bushmen, have long been seen as influenced by others and as being exposed to change. Smith and Brent claim that tourism as an influencing local and global factor offers chances to look at both the changes brought about by ‘outside contacts’ and ‘ongoing processes of change inherent in societies’ because it triggers “sociopolitical-cultural changes (…) and will further magnify [these changes] in the decades ahead” (Smith, Brent 2001:11). In order to elaborate this issue in a local context, the following main research problem and its subquestions will be addressed: Which role does the community-based and cultural tourism project Treesleeper play for the people of Tsintsabis and for the image creation of Bushmen, in specific Hai//om and to a minor extent !Kung? Does the project foster old patterns, initiate new changes or act as a magnifier of existent processes of change? • How do local people negotiate their positions within the village and what do they perceive as ‘community’? • How does the tourism project Treesleeper shape the understanding of ‘community’ and the negotiations for power positions among the people of Tsintsabis? • What are dynamics of change in external stakeholders’ (governments’, civil society’s, anthropologists’ and others’) perspectives on (Hai//om and to a minor extent on !Kung) Bushmen and how do Hai//om and !Kung Bushmen of Tsintsabis reconstruct their self-image in the context of marginalisation? • Which role does the community-based and cultural tourism project Treesleeper play for the processes of change in the perception and self-perception of (Hai//om and !Kung) Bushmen?</text>
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                <text>Anna Hüncke</text>
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                <text>African Studies Centre, Leiden</text>
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                <text>http://www.asclibrary.nl/docs/331/411/331411148.pdf</text>
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        <name>Anna Hüncke</name>
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                <text>Breaking the chains of bondage - a field study of empowerment projects in Namibia</text>
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                <text>Part of M.A. degree, Högskolan Väst</text>
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                <text>Anna Karlsson, Martin Lind</text>
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                <text>http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A216014&amp;dswid=-957</text>
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        <name>Anna Karlsson</name>
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                <text>Living on the land : change in forest cover in north-central Namibia 1943-1996</text>
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                <text>PhD Dissertation: Forestry - The objective of the present study was to analyse the change in forest cover in the Owambo area of north-central Namibia, focusing especially on the domestic use of wood in constructions on farms. Aerial photographs from 1996, 1992, 1970 and 1943, and satellite images from 1996, 1992 and 1981, amplified by ground truth data gathered in 1996, were used to monitor and analyse expansion of the settled area and its effects on forest cover in the Ondobe and Eenhana constituencies of the Ohangwena Region. The results indicate that deforestation was caused almost entirely by clearing of land for permanent agriculture. The clay-rich sandy soils on the lower part of uplands were occupied first; whereas the slightly more elevated, but less fertile, sandy sites have been occupied later. It was estimated that a population increase of one person led to about 1 ha of deforestation. The basic layout of the farm and the architecture of a household dwelling have remained about the same throughout the period 1943-1996. The quantity of indigenous wood in constructions of a typical farm represented an over-bark removal of about 45 tons, and the annual fellings for maintenance were .5 tons per capita. The annual consumption of indigenous wood in the whole Owambo area was estimated to be 600,000 tons, which is lower than the sustained yield. The forest cover has changed towards on farm tree cover, and the species composition in the agricultural fields has gradually changed towards trees producing edible fruits. The frequent change of homestead site has been an important factor in creating the characteristic agroforestry landscape of the Owambo Area.</text>
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                <text>Antti Erkkilä</text>
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                <text>University of Joensuu</text>
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                <text>2001</text>
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                <text>http://epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_isbn_978-952-61-2126-0/index_en.html</text>
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        <name>Antti Erkkilä</name>
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                <text>M.A. Dissertation - "The mini-dissertation examines and highlights in broad detail how Mr. Sam Nujoma used the canons of classical rhetoric in his State of the Nation Addresses during his Presidential reign in Namibia from 1990 to 2004. Mr. Nujoma’s Addresses are critiqued against the five canons of classical rhetoric: invention, arrangement, style, delivery and memory. Specifically, the author focuses on the following five research questions: 1. What evidence of particular appeals or approaches are used by Mr. Nujoma? 2. How effective is the arrangement of messages or arguments in the Introduction, Purpose statement, Body and Conclusion of the addresses? 3. Is the language style clear, vivid and persuasive in the sense of it being appropriate to Mr. Nujoma, the audience and the occasion? 4. Are there vocal and other nonverbal aspects used to complement verbal messages during the delivery of the addresses? 5. Is Mr. Nujoma’s retention and grasp of the contents of the addresses evident? In an attempt to answer the research questions above, twenty eight hours of video recordings shown live on the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation and two hundred twenty pages of the Hansard of the fifteen State of the Nation Addresses delivered between 1990 and 2004 were examined. The research shows that there is a difference between Mr. Nujoma’s written and delivered addresses in articulation. While the speeches were properly written, Nujoma’s delivery at times failed them. Notwithstanding the fact that English is not Nujoma’s home language, the grammatical conventions in his addresses were largely correct. However, the video recordings of the speeches sometimes contradicted Nujoma on the pronunciation of words. Mr. Nujoma’s inability to pronounce certain words is one of the reasons for the deficiency in delivery. Policies and actions are more important, but when one is the President, the public and history look to him to shape the way important things are talked about. Mr. Nujoma used various verbal tactics to complement pathos in his State of the Nation Addresses. He appealed to emotions of fear. Another technique evident in Nujoma’s State of the Nation Addresses was the use of logos. In this technique, the danger lies in the fact that decisions based on rational appeals are not necessarily based on truth or logic, but on emotions favouring those who put forth the more powerful arguments."</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis: Linköping University (Child Studies) - "The overall aim of this study is to investigate the perception of support provided to orphan children in foster care placement in terms of education, care and support as well as protection by orphan children themselves, foster parents and social workers. Due to HIV/AIDS many children are being orphaned and are left behind without any visible means of support. HIV/AIDS remains undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges of the world today, as there is no part of the world that has not felt the devastating impact of the pandemic. This is already evidenced by the increase in number of orphans, child headed households and other vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS and the inability of the extended family system to provide such children with basic requirements such as shelter, food, medical care, education, love and support. The first chapter is focusing on the Magnitude of OVC in general and Namibia in particular. According to the National Plan of Action for OVC in Namibia, the total number of orphans and vulnerable children was estimated at 128 000 in 2007 (MGECW, 2007). According to 2001 Population and Housing Census the whole Khomas region had 6674 OVC, while Khomas urban had 5708 OVC, which means that in the Khomas region more OVC in an Urban areas while rural areas had less number which was 389 OVC (NPC, 2005). Chapter two presents a literature review and focuses on the phenomena of foster care placement. It includes the definition of terms such as an orphan child, a vulnerable child and foster care placement. It gives background details of foster care placement in general and foster care placement in the Namibia context. Also the support (care and support, education and protection) being offered to children in foster care placement are discussed. Chapter three focuses on the research methods and data collection of this study. The following elements are described in this chapter: Setting and samples, procedure, methods and methodological consideration, the role of the researcher, the limitations of the study and the ethnographic situation. Chapter four is devoted to the foster care placement legal framework in Namibia where the current foster care placement processes to access government grant to support foster families are discussed as well as foster care placement policy implications in Namibia. The conclusion of the findings on foster care placement processes is included. Chapter five consists of the analysis of the study. It provides the background information of the samples, questions, responses and interpretations of the main views of the respondents on the support provided to children in foster care placement in terms of care and support, education, protection as well as foster care placement process are provided in this chapter. Chapter six is focuses on discussions and conclusion. It includes major views of the respondents and the understanding of different voices of orphan children in foster care placement, foster parents and social workers who are professionals in this matter."</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis (Education) - "This study set out to explore the issues of inclusive education in primary education in Namibia. The specific research questions were: 1. How does Namibia address the issue of inclusive education in its educational policies and practices? 2. What are the main successes and challenges in the implementation of inclusive policies? The research is a qualitative study and the data consists of the analysis of current Namibian policy documents related to inclusive education and interviews of seven Namibian experts in the field of education. The data was analysed by applying content analysis approach. The theoretical framework consists of theories of inclusion and inclusive education as well as the concepts and aims of Education for All global approach. The findings show that Namibia has made relevant progress in universal access to education with the percentage of 99,6% in 2012. This is particularly significant taking into account the legacy of Apartheid, which ended after Namibia gained independence only twenty-five years ago. Another area of success is gender equality, which interviewees reported to have been achieved with the exception of two regions. At the moment it seems that more attention needs to be paid to boys, as girls seem to do better in school and stay in school longer than boys. Quality of education is a source of much concern in Namibia. The diversity of languages and ethnic groups as well as life circumstances makes it challenging to organize inclusive relevant education for all. The language of instruction is a debated topic and forms a different challenge in urban and rural areas. There is also a shortage of qualified teachers and relevant, culture-sensitive teaching materials in all the local languages. In principle education is free of charge but some other expenses cause difficulties for children from poor backgrounds. HIV has had dramatic effects on society increasing the number of orphans and children who are responsible for their younger siblings, which has an effect on school performance. Community involvement was emphasizes as a condition to increase inclusion. Namibian educational policies demonstrate commitment to educational development with a special concern regarding inclusive education. However, there are gaps between policy and its implementation. Interviews emphasised that efficient policy guidance and monitoring is needed to identify the bottlenecks in implementation and to plan concrete actions to develop inclusive education further."</text>
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                <text>"A Nation On the Move”: A Discourse Analysis of Namibian Policies for Development</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis - "This thesis is approaching the concept of development in Namibian plans for development, its Vision 2030 and Third National Development Plan. The aim is to analyse discourses of development in the Namibian political context of planning for development. I have done this through the theoretical and methodological framework of Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, CDA. I have identified four contrasting and complementing discourses in the way that the documents talk about development. Two of them, discourse of tradition and discourse of modernity, are connected to meanings of development. The two others, a social equity and justice discourse and a neo-liberal market discourse, are connected to structures of development, which shape how the documents vision development to happen. I have seen that there is a struggle between the discourses in the way they are described as both complementing and conflicting."</text>
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                <text>http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:359287/FULLTEXT01.pdf</text>
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                <text>Recordkeeping and Missing “Native Estate” Records in Namibia: An Investigation of Colonial Gaps in a Post-colonial National Archive</text>
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                <text>PhD Dissertation - "This dissertation explores the historical origin of practical challenges experienced in user services of the post-colonial National Archives of Namibia (NAN). It was motivated by the observation that many requests by Black Namibians for civic records such as divorce orders, adoption records, and estate records from the period of colonial and apartheid rule in Namibia cannot be served by the NAN despite intensive time-consuming searches, while similar requests by White Namibians can be served without problems within minutes. While it could be assumed that this disparity originates from the racial discrimination under colonial apartheid rule, a literature study revealed that the issue why and how the colonial situation affected the content and accessibility of the archives has not been systematically researched. This research gap inspired an in-depth exploration of the colonial records at the National Archives of the decolonized Namibia, using deceased estate records of Black Namibians (or “Native estates” as they had been called) as a case study. The study investigates the colonial legal framework for the creation and management of the estate records, the actual Native estate files in custody of the NAN, as well as the finding aids, archives databases and the own administrative files of the NAN. It explores the relationship between the historical legal environment, the creation, management, disposal, listing, appraisal, destruction, archiving, indexing and metadata enhancement of the Native estates records over the colonial period, between 1884 to 1990, and their alleged absence from the NAN. The author discovered a large but not systematic corpus of over 11,000 “Native estate” case files which had been assumed destroyed or lost, but also established substantial gaps in the holdings of such records. Only a few of those gaps could be explained by documented destructions, but the study traces the causes for the loss and inaccessibility of substantial records to the combined effect of racially discriminatory legislation, a confusing and haphazard legislative and regulatory framework for Native estates, and an all-pervasive apartheid ideology that also affected the appraisal and the creation of discovery tools at the Archives. The dissertation concludes with a programme to “decolonize the archives”, recommending to unlock the full potential of the previously hidden “Native” records, not only by recording and indexing them in discovery tools but also by enhancing search options to alleviate the search problems caused by unstandardized name spellings and non-Western naming and kinship systems. It is anticipated that this study will raise awareness about similar gaps, stir debate and lead to further research about archival deficiencies with other types of person-related records, in Namibia as well as in other decolonised nations, in order to establish how far their national archival records are responsive to the needs of all citizens." 978-951-44-9883-1</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis (Education) - "Social media are technologies that have been widely appropriated in students’ daily lives. This has resulted in increasing research interest in the potential supportive role that social media can offer in learning contexts. To date a lot of research in the area of technology in education in general and social media in particular, has concentrated in the global north. This thesis contributes to the discussion offering a global south perspective from a small-scale study, but still of insightful significance. The aim of the research was to investigate student teachers’ relationships with social media with the focus on their conceptions and uses of social media in their daily lives and how they perceive the potential of adopting social media to support their learning. This is a qualitative study using Phenomenography as a research approach. Data was collected through focus group interviews using open-ended questions. The theoretical framework employed in the study combined technology appropriation theory and learning theory from Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective as well as the concept of networked learning. Technology appropriation was used to conceptualise how social media was appropriated by students in their daily lives, while the sociocultural and networked learning theories provided the theoretical lenses for interrogating the adoption of social media in learning. The participants in this study were student teachers at a university in Namibia. They were identified using the purposive sampling method, and they represented two different teaching programmes and three different year groups. In total, 19 students participated through 3 focus group interviews. The research findings show that research participants conceptualise social media as mainly social platforms for communication, bridging social relationships and for expanding social networks. Their use of social media reflects their conceptions, while also showing tensions regarding online and real-life identities. There were variations in perceptions of online identities, with some participants viewing them as separate from real-life identities, and others considering social media identities to be direct representations of real-life behaviour. The findings also show that social networking sites like Facebook were the dominantly used types of social media, and mainly accessed through mobile phones. Students’ perceptions of social media as supportive learning tools show recognition of the learning affordances that the technologies offer, with evidence that students were already informally using social media to support their own and their peers’ learning. Futhermore, findings show how students recognise the supportive role of social media in lifelong learning and their professional development as teachers. They indicated how social media can be used to create learning communities and supportive professional networks to foster collaboration amongst themselves as teachers. Issues of appropriate usage of social media on the basis of exposure to and sharing of content were identified. Concerns about lack of control over content shared and about privacy were additional findings. The limitations of this research lie in the fact that it was limited to a small group of participants. The purposive sampling method used to identify research participants may also have led to bais in favour of only students who used social media and were interested in talking about it. However, this was necessary for methodological reasons since only participants with actual experience in using social media were in a position to share such experiences. Conclusions highlight how the research findings corroborate previous research, that students predominantly use social media for social purposes, and the popularity of the social networking site Facebook. Conclusions further suggest that decisions on the use of social media in formal learning should be guided by pedagogical goals and learning needs that the technologies can meet. Pedagogical interventions to articulate the learning affordances of social media are suggested and cautions about the conceptual tensions between the nature of social media and the practices of formal education are highlighted. Critical media literacy is recommended to equip students with competencies to critically deal with content consumption and sharing on social media. Future research is recommended to focus on pedagogical and learning appropriation of social media."</text>
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                <text>Bachelor's Thesis: Teacher Education: Linnaeus University - "The aim of this thesis is to find out if there is a gap between the formalization level and the realization level in the Namibian school system. Moreover, our aim is to figure out how we, as visiting teaching students, interpret the relationship between steering documents and the teaching in the classroom. In turn, the aim was used to formulate three different research questions: What can we experience while observing in the class room/at school? What do the interviewed teachers express concerning our asked questions? What are the main differences between the two latest steering documents? The reason why we decided to do a study about the school system in Namibia is because it is a young country, it was proclaimed independent in 1990. Therefore we think it is interesting to study how the school system and its political steering documents have developed over the years. Our theoretical framework includes the concept of curriculum, reconceptualism and cultural issues. Our focal point has been on the following three perspectives, democracy, gender and learner centred education. The method we used in this study is triangulation, in this case analyzing political steering documents, interviewing teachers and other people connected to the school and finally class room observations. The attitudes to the three above mentioned perspectives vary amongst the interviewed personnel This study as come to the conclusion that there is a gap between the formalization level and realization level."</text>
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                <text>Rhodes University, Grahamstown</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis - Education - In my research, I endeavour to ascertain how parental involvement at Combretum Trust School in Namibia affects the academic achievement of students. In the educational literature it is often claimed that involvement of parents results in better academic achievement than if parents are not involved. The aim of the research is to see if this relationship exists at a school in Namibia, a developing country that faces many educational challenges. In this case study a qualitative research approach was used. Data was gathered by interviewing parents of seven students at Combretum Trust School in Windhoek, who all have achieved academically. The objective of the interviews was to learn if and how the parents are involved in their children’s education. In addition, I wanted to gain information as to the experiences and attitudes of those parents towards their children’s education and education in general. The main findings are that all the parents who were interviewed are highly involved with their children’s education. They have high expectations towards their children’s education and their future. In addition, they are all quite vocal about their expectations to their children. The parents all recognise the importance of staying involved with their child’s education and participate fully. All the parents want to know how their child spends his or her time outside of school and with whom their child spends his or her time. Most of the parents consider themselves to have a good relationship with their child’s teachers and the school. Homework is considered to be important by each parent and they all assist their child with homework if the need arises. Thus, it may be concluded that by staying involved with their children’s education in this way the parents do impact positively on the academic achievement of the students chosen for this study at Combretum Trust School in Namibia.</text>
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                <text>Lähetyslääkäri Selma Rainio länsimaisen kulttuurin ja lääketieteen edustajana Ambomaalla vuosina 1908–1938</text>
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                <text>Trans: "Missionary Doctor Selma Rainio: Representative of Western Culture and Medicine in Ovamboland, 1908-1938" - Master's Thesis: University of Eastern Finland - Lähetyslääkäri Selma Rainio länsimaisen kulttuurin ja lääketieteen edustajana Ambomaalla vuosina 1908–1938 Tiedekunta/oppiaine: yhteiskunta- ja aluetieteiden tiedekunta, yleinen historia Sivumäärä: 79 Aika ja paikka: elokuu 2008, Joensuu Pro gradu -tutkielma tarkastelee Suomen Lähetysseuran lähetyslääkäri Selma Rainiota länsimaisen kulttuurin ja lääketieteen edustajana Ambomaan lähetyskentällä vuosina 1908–1938. Tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten kulttuurien kohtaaminen näkyi Rainion työssä. Tutkielma käsittelee Rainion suhdetta paikalliseen väestöön ja kulttuuriin, uskonnon ja sairaanhoidon suhdetta lähetyslääkinnässä sekä länsimaisen ja traditionaalisen sairaanhoidon suhdetta. Lähdeaineisto kattaa sekä painamattomia että painettuja lähteitä. Selma Rainion kokoelman kirjeet tarjoavat tietoa hänen työstään ja elämästään Ambomaalla. Lähettien kokousten pöytäkirjoista käyvät ilmi ajankohtaiset ja tärkeät asiat, joista lähetit kävivät keskustelua. Vuosikertomukset puolestaan antavat tietoa Rainion tekemästä sairaanhoitotyöstä. Näiden lisäksi lähteenä käytetään Suomen Lähetysseuran julkaisemaa teosta, jonka Rainio kirjoitti kahden sairaanhoitajan kanssa. Teos käsittelee lääkärilähetystä Ambomaalla. Selma Rainio asennoitui kaksijakoisesti ambokulttuuriin. Hän näki paikallisessa kulttuurissa paljon positiivisia piirteitä ja halusi säilyttää sen, mutta piti kuitenkin ambokulttuuria alempiarvoisena kuin länsimaista kulttuuria esimerkiksi uskomalla, että kehityksen ja opetuksen avulla amboista voi tulla samanarvoisia länsimaalaisten rinnalla. Samanlainen kaksijakoisuus ilmeni myös sairaanhoidon osalta: Rainio kunnioitti ambojen perinteistä parantamistapaa ja piti sitä taitavana, mutta katsoi heidän olevan tietämättömiä ja valistuksen tarpeessa. Uskonnollisuus ilmeni selvästi Rainion työssä, sillä hän piti ensisijaisena tehtävänään potilaiden käännyttämistä. Lähetyslääkinnän ja paikallisen parantamisen välillä esiintyi kilpailua, mikä ilmeni siten, että suuri osa lähetysaseman sairaalan potilaista oli kristittyjä, vaikka enemmistö Ambomaan väestöstä oli ei-kristittyjä.</text>
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                <text>Henrikka Halmetoja</text>
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                <text>University of Eastern Finland (Joensuun yliopisto)</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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                <text>Finnish</text>
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                <text>http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:joy-20090008</text>
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        <name>Evangelical Lutheran Church</name>
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        <name>Finnish Missionary Society</name>
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        <name>Henrikka Halmetoja</name>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>Meaning of Deaf Empowerment. Exploring Development and Deafness in Namibia</text>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis - Empowerment is a recent and a popular concept within international development studies which emphasizes people-centered approaches where the beneficiaries in developing countries are seen as active participants rather than merely being passive recipients of aid. The aim of this research is to explore the influence of development programs on empowerment of Deaf individuals based a fieldwork that took place in Namibia from September to October 2012 through the Centre for Communication and Deaf Studies (CCDS) in Windhoek. The focus was in part on a development project of the Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA) which was carried out in 2006-2010 in Namibia. The research followed participation observation with qualitative methodology based on interviews, conversations and interaction with the group of participants. The results suggest that despite some great improvements in field of deafness in Namibia, the fact remains that Deaf in Namibia are still excluded from education to a large extent. The educational system does not fully recognize the needs of Deaf pupils and the access to interpreters remains a barrier. It was concluded that despite the willingness among specialists in Namibia there is still a lack within the strict system of Namibia to allow for exceptions when it comes to put things in action. Nevertheless the results indicate that empowerment is an important concept for Deaf people in developing countries and projects can have long lasting empowering effects on individuals.</text>
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                <text>Iðunn Ása Óladóttir</text>
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                <text>University of Iceland</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2165">
                <text>© Iðunn Ása Óladóttir 2014</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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                <text>http://skemman.is/en/item/view/1946/17925</text>
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        <name>Deaf</name>
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        <name>development aid</name>
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        <name>Development studies</name>
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      <tag tagId="754">
        <name>Empowerment</name>
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      <tag tagId="789">
        <name>Iceland</name>
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      <tag tagId="794">
        <name>Iðunn Ása Óladóttir</name>
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        <name>sign language and human rights</name>
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                  <text>Dissertations on Namibia</text>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>Land Cover Change in the Okavango River Basin - Historical changes during the Angolan civil war, contributing causes and effects on water quality</text>
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                <text>Masters thesis in Water Resources and Livelihood Security - "The Okavango river flows from southern Angola, through the Kavango region of Namibia and into the Okavango Delta in Botswana. The recent peace in Angola hopefully marks the end of the intense suffering that the peoples of the river basin have endured, and the beginning of sustainable decision-making in the area. Informed decision-making however requires knowledge; and there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge regarding basin-wide land cover (LC) changes, and their causes, during the Angolan civil war in the basin. Furthermore, there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge on how expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth along the Angola-Namibia border affects the water quality of the river. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a remote sensing method applicable to the basin (with scant ground-truth data availability) to carry out a systematic historic study of LC changes during the Angolan civil war, to apply the method to the basin, to relate these changes to major societal trends in the region, and to analyse potential impacts of expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth on the water quality of the river along the Angola-Namibia border. A range of remote sensing methods to study historic LC changes in the basin were tried and evaluated against reference data collected during a field visit in Namibia in October 2005. Eventually, two methods were selected and applied to pre-processed Landsat MSS and ETM+ satellite image mosaics of 1973 and 2001 respectively: 1. a combined unsupervised classification and pattern-recognition change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed binary LC class change trajectory information and, 2. an NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed continuous information on degrees of change in vegetation vigour. In addition, available documents and people initiated in the basin conditions were consulted in the pursuit of discerning major societal trends that the basin had undergone during the Angolan civil war. Finally, concentrations of nutrients (total phosphorous &amp; total nitrogen), bacteria (faecal coliforms &amp; faecal streptococci), conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and Secchi depth were sampled at 11 locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities and an urban area during the aforementioned field visit. The nature, extent and geographical distribution of LC changes in the study area during the Angolan civil war were determined. The study area (150 922 km2) was the Angolan and Namibian parts of the basin. The results indicate that the vegetation vigour is dynamic and has decreased overall in the area, perhaps connected with precipitation differences between the years. However while the vigour decreased in the northwest, it increased in the northeast, and on more local scales the pattern was often more complex. With respect to migration out of Angola into Namibia, the LC changes followed expectations of more intense use in Namibia close to the border (0-5 km), but not at some distance (10-20 km), particularly east of Rundu. With respect to urbanisation, expectations of increased human impact locally were observed in e.g. Rundu, Menongue and Cuito Cuanavale. Road deterioration was also observed with Angolan urbanisation but some infrastructures appeared less damaged by the war. Some villages (e.g. Savitangaiala de Môma) seem to have been abandoned during the war so that the vegetation could regenerate, which was expected. But other villages (e.g. Techipeio) have not undergone the same vegetation regeneration suggesting they were not abandoned. The areal extent of large-scale agriculture increased 59% (26 km2) during the war, perhaps as a consequence of population growth. But the expansion was not nearly at par with the population growth of the Kavango region (320%), suggesting that a smaller proportion of the population relied on the large-scale agriculture for their subsistence in 2001 compared with 1973. No significant impacts were found from the large-scale agriculture and urbanisation on the water quality during the dry season of 2005. Total phosphorous concentrations (with range: 0.067-0.095 mg l-1) did vary significantly between locations (p=0.013) but locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities were not significantly different (p=0.5444). Neither did faecal coliforms (range: 23-63 counts per 100ml) nor faecal streptococci (range: 8-33 counts per 100ml) vary significantly between locations (p=0.332 and p=0.354 respectively). Thus the impact of Rundu and the extensive livestock farming along the border were not significant at this time. The Cuito river on the other hand significantly decreased both the conductivity (range: 27.2-49.7 μS cm-1, p&lt;0.0001) and the total dissolved solid concentration (range: 12.7-23.4 mg l-1, p&lt;0.0001) of the mainstream of the Okavango during the dry season. Land cover changes during the Angolan civil war, contributing causes and effects on water quality were studied in this research effort. Many of the obtained results can be used directly or with further application as a knowledge base for sustainable decision-making and management in the basin. Wisely used by institutions charged with that objective, the information can contribute to sustainable development and the ending of suffering and poverty for the benefit of the peoples of the Okavango and beyond."</text>
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                <text>Jafet Andersson</text>
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                <text>Linköping University</text>
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                <text>2006</text>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Aliu%3Adiva-7152</text>
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        <name>binary change</name>
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        <name>Jafet Andersson</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>A Life Cycle Assessment of a Uranium Mine in Namibia</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
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                <text>MS Thesis in Environmental Engineering: University of South Florida - Uranium mining and nuclear power is a controversial topic as of late, especially in light of the recent Fukushima event. Although the actual use of nuclear fuel has minimal environmental impact, its issues come at the very beginning and end of the fuel’s life cycle in both the mining and fuel disposal process. This paper focuses on a life cycle analysis (LCA) of uranium mine in the desert nation of Namibia in Southern Africa. The goal of this LCA is to evaluate the environmental effects of uranium mining. The LCA focuses on water and energy embodiment such that they can then be compared to other mines. The functional unit of the analysis is 1kg of yellowcake (uranium oxide). The processes considered include mining and milling at Langer Heinrich Uranium (LHU). The impact categories evaluated include the categories in ReCiPe assessment method with a focus of water depletion, and cumulative energy demand. It was found that the major environmental impacts are marine ecotoxicity, human toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and freshwater ecotoxicity. These mainly came from electricity consumption in the mining and milling process, especially electricity generated from hard coal. Milling tailings was also a contributor, especially for marine ecotoxicity and human toxicity. The other electricity generation types, including nuclear, hydro, natural gas, and diesel contribute to marine exotoxicity and human toxicity as well. Hydro-electricity, tailings form milling, sodium carbonate, and nuclear electricity also cause freshwater eutrophication at the LHU mine. The major contributor of the water depletion was hard coal generated electricity consumption as well. Tailings also led to a level of water depletion that was significant but much smaller than that of the coal-based electricity. In terms of energy, weighting portrayed the main energy used to be nuclear power, in terms of MJ equivalents. Nuclear power was then followed by fossil fuels and finally hydropower. Most of the energy used was for the uranium mining process rather than the milling process. As expected, the direct water, and energy values, 0.5459 m3 and 97.34 kWh per kg of yellowcake, were much lower than the LCA embodiment values of 282.67 m3 and 76,479 kWh per kg of yellowcake. When compared to other mines, the water use at LHU was found to be much lower while the energy use was found to be much higher.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1966">
                <text>Janine Lambert</text>
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                <text>University of South Florida</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1968">
                <text>PDF</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1969">
                <text>2016</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1970">
                <text>English</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1971">
                <text>http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6291/</text>
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      <tag tagId="691">
        <name>Langer Heinrich Uranium</name>
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      <tag tagId="692">
        <name>Life Cycle analysis</name>
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      <tag tagId="693">
        <name>Mine</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="7">
        <name>Mining</name>
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      <tag tagId="9">
        <name>Namibia</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="99">
        <name>Uranium</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="468">
        <name>water</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="694">
        <name>Yellowcake</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
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